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8 June 1921 - 28 January 2008

 
 
 
 

 

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PRESIDENTS  OF INDONESIA

Sukarno

August 17, 1945 - March 12, 1967

Suharto

March 12, 1967- May 21, 1998

 J.E. Habibie

May 21, 1998- October 20,1999

A.R. Wahid

October 20, 1999- July 23, 2001

Megawati

July 23, 2001-October 20, 2003

S.B. Yudhoyono

October 20, 2004

 

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SUHARTO YEARS
1967 - 1998

Website Soeharto Media Center

CIA STALLING STATE DEPARTMENT HISTORIES 1964-1968

Suharto: A Declassified Documentary Obit 01/28/08

 How Did Suharto Steal $35 Billion?

 The Australian: Released papers implicate Suharto
02/01/08

 

Time: Suharto: Twilight of the God 01/27/2008
After the overthrow, Suharto spent most of his time living at home with his family in an upscale neighborhood in central Jakarta even as allegations of ill-gotten wealth percolated through the press. Citing declining health and diminished mental capacity, Suharto managed to stay out of court despite a 1998 legislative decree ordering an investigation in all corruption, collusion and nepotism charges involving Suharto. He was constantly in and out of hospitals after suffering strokes and undergoing kidney dialysis.

When it became clear that he would not survive the latest hospitalization, the new rulers of the archipelago came to pay homage and to pray for his recovery. The Golkar party, which Suharto founded and retains the largest bloc in parliament, called for all pending graft charges —pending for a decade now — be dropped. As the ex-strongman lay dying, the health minister instructed all hospitals to provide their best equipment to Pertamina hospital, where Suharto was being treated. But after three weeks, he died of multiple organ failure. He will be buried next to his wife in the central Java city of Solo. It is not clear what will happen to the civil suit brought against him by Indonesia's attorney general for allegedly siphoning off more than $1.4 billion from one of the many foundations set up during his rule.

An era of democracy has now replaced Suharto's despotic rule. And yet, he leaves behind an edifice as sturdy as that millennium-old temple in Prambanan. The way things are done in Indonesia is the system of patronage he set up and it remains firmly in place to this day.


PHOTO'S - Suharto's Indonesia


A look back at life in the world's fourth largest country
under one of Asia's longest serving rulers

TIME: Indonesia Bids Farewell to Suharto 01/29/08

 

TIME Mulls Indonesia Court Ruling 09/11/07

When TIME's Asian edition published an investigative story in 1999 demonstrating how Indonesian leader Suharto and his children had enriched themselves during his 32-year rule, the former dictator sued the magazine for libel. He asked for a remarkable sum of money — $27 billion — and he lost. The Central Jakarta District Court rejected his suit in 2000, a decision that was subsequently upheld by an intermediate appellate court and widely viewed as a victory for press freedom in the country.
Suharto's lawyers continued to appeal the decision, however, all the way up to Indonesia's Supreme Court. There was no indication that the case had progressed, until yesterday. Press reports quoted a court spokesman in Jakarta as saying that the Supreme Court has ruled against TIME, awarding Suharto — who stepped down as President in 1998 and who, at age 86, is apparently in declining health — $106 million and calling for TIME to print an apology.

TIME and its lawyers assume the reports are accurate, even though TIME hasn't yet been informed of any decision. The magazine stands by its story. "This is a blow to freedom of the press, and it means it is not safe for the press to work," Todung Mulya Lubis, an Indonesian lawyer representing TIME, told Agence France Presse. "TIME will take any legal measures available to defend freedom of the press, because this is important to uphold justice and the truth."

The article in question, a 14-page story entitled "The Family Firm" (the cover line read "Suharto Inc.,") showed how Suharto and his children built up a fortune estimated at $15 billion in "cash, shares, corporate assets, real estate, jewelry and fine art," amid a climate of corruption, collusion and nepotism.

Suharto denied the charges, and when he brought his lawsuit, many observers assumed that a foreign publication wouldn't be able to get a fair trial in Indonesia when it was up against a former President who had appointed the judges hearing the case. Yet the Jakarta court ruled that the article had been published in the public interest, a defense against defamation in Indonesia, and that Suharto had presented insufficient evidence to support his claims. The court also ruled that TIME had "covered both sides" in its article.

It's unclear why the Indonesian Supreme Court has apparently now overturned that ruling. Neither side presented any fresh arguments before the high court. Once TIME is officially notified of the decision, it has the option of filing a request that the court review its decision, the final stage in the Indonesian legal process.

Ironically, the Indonesian government has pursued its own cases against Suharto, alleging widespread corruption. Indonesia's attorney general dropped corruption charges last year, citing Suharto's inability to defend himself due to poor health. But press reports indicate that a civil case seeking more than $1.5 billion, which alleges that Suharto misused charity funds during his rule, is still pending.

 
Suharto Dies at 86; Indonesian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed

By MARILYN BERGER
New York Times, January 28, 2008

Suharto of Indonesia, whose 32-year dictatorship was one of the most brutal and corrupt of the 20th century, died Sunday in Jakarta. He was 86.

He had been admitted to a Jakarta hospital on Jan. 4 with heart, lung and kidney problems, and placed on a dialysis machine and then a ventilator to support his final days of life.

Mr. Suharto was driven from office in 1998 by widespread rioting, economic paralysis and political chaos. His rule was not without accomplishment; he led Indonesia to stability and nurtured economic growth. But these successes were ultimately overshadowed by pervasive and large-scale corruption; repressive, militarized rule; and a convulsion of mass bloodletting when he seized power in the late 1960s that took at least 500,000 lives.

As the leader of one of the world’s most populous countries, Mr. Suharto and his family became notorious for controlling state enterprises and taking kickbacks for government contracts, for siphoning money from state charities and for committing gross violations of human rights.

Yet Mr. Suharto remained virtually untouchable to the end, even as his successors in a new democratic system repudiated his rule. He was never charged with the killings committed under his command, and managed to escape criminal prosecution for embezzling millions of dollars, possibly billions, by having himself declared mentally incapable to stand trial. A civil suit against him was pending at his death.

After he was forced from office, he tried to give the appearance of a frail and humiliated former potentate, but he could be seen jogging and swinging a golf club at his home in the center of Jakarta. His health deteriorated in his final years, and he became something of a recluse.

In his last days, a parade of the country’s power elite visited the hospital to pay their respects.

Mr. Suharto — who like many Indonesians used only one name — stepped down on May 21, 1998, just two months after arranging to have himself elected to a seventh five-year term. He departed with an apology to the nation. “I am sorry for my mistakes,” he said. But his quiet statement came only after the deaths of 500 student protesters, an event that shocked the people into a consensus that the president must go.

When demonstrators occupied the Parliament building, once-docile legislators finally called on him to resign.

Like his predecessor, Sukarno, Mr. Suharto worked to forge national unity in a fractious country of 200 million people comprising 300 ethnic groups speaking 250 languages and inhabiting about 6,000 islands spread over a 3,500-mile archipelago.

Sukarno had also fallen from power in a wave of violence, one that swept the country in 1965 after an attack that was officially portrayed as an abortive leftist coup. Mr. Suharto, one of the few senior military officers to escape execution on the first day of that uprising, moved decisively against the insurgents and effectively took control of the country.

Mr. Suharto dealt gingerly with Sukarno, a founding father of the nation who still had support within the army. Sukarno was kept as a figurehead while Mr. Suharto, a relatively little known major general, waited three years to officially succeed him, in 1968.

In the following years, governing through consensus, traditional mysticism, military repression and authoritarian control, President Suharto restored order to the country and presided over an era of substantial development. Many Indonesians benefited from his programs, but none more so than members of his family, who became billionaires many times over. Last year, he topped a new list of world leaders who had stolen from state coffers. The list, by the United Nations and the World Bank, cited an estimate that he had embezzled $15 billion to $35 billion.

Enigmatic and Magical

Mr. Suharto was an unlikely character to play such a major role in his country’s destiny. He was a private person, and although he wielded complete power, he spoke in gentle tones, smiled sweetly to friend and foe and presented himself as a man of humble origins, shy, retiring and enigmatic. Short and thick set, he almost invariably dressed in a Western business suit or a safari jacket once he gave up his military uniform, and a black songkok, the flat traditional Indonesian cap.

He rarely took a public stand on any issue. Instead, by waiting to allow a consensus to form, he was usually able to make events evolve the way he wished. He can be better understood in the context of the old forms of Javanese kingship in which the ruler was surrounded by courtiers who tried to divine the royal mind.

Although he was a Muslim, Mr. Suharto seemed imbued with Indonesian traditions of animism and mysticism overlaid with Hindu and Buddhist teachings. In a country given to superstition, where ancient patterns of belief coexist with more modern ideas, he consulted gurus and dukuns, spiritual advisers and soothsayers who were believed to be in touch with natural forces.

Whether it was those forces or his timing, good fortune came to him. Just as the United States was becoming embroiled in Vietnam, he stood as a bulwark against Communism in Asia. The United States rewarded him with a foreign aid program that eventually amounted to more than $4 billion a year. In addition, a consortium of Western countries and Japan established an aid program that in 1994 alone totaled almost $5 billion.

In doing so, the United States, along with much of the rest of the world, showed a willingness to overlook the corruption, favoritism and violations of human rights, including the disappearance of opposition politicians, that came to characterize Mr. Suharto’s rule.

Many Indonesians, too, supported him, at least while the economy was buoyant. But the Asian economic turmoil in 1997 exposed Indonesia’s economy as on the brink of collapse.

The currency lost 30 percent of its value in 1996, a drought made rice scarce, unemployment rose and the widening income gap led to rioting and violence. Mr. Suharto turned to the International Monetary Fund, which agreed to a $43 billion bailout if Indonesia would abide by its terms.

His signing of those terms was seen as a humiliating capitulation, but he equivocated when it came to instituting them. Many saw his hesitation as an effort to protect the fortunes of his family and friends, money widely believed to have been stashed in foreign banks.

Mr. Suharto called for belt-tightening. He raised fuel prices, then revoked the order. He promised bank reform and ended tax breaks, then reversed himself or left wide loopholes.

His failure to come to grips with economic problems brought a wave of student unrest. In May 1998, student rallies spilled from the campuses into the streets and across the archipelago. Hundreds died in fires and clashes with security forces.

Apparently unable to grasp the seriousness of the situation, Mr. Suharto left on a trip to Cairo, but was forced to cut it short in an effort to restore order. The economic crisis was a challenge that he did not seem to know how to handle.

“This is something he cannot shoot, he cannot put in jail, he cannot close down, like our newspaper,” said Jusuf Wanandi, a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Jakarta, an Indonesian policy institute.

Anti-Communist Purges

In the 1960s, during the turbulent months after his rise to power, few would have predicted that Mr. Suharto, a peasant turned soldier, would be able to weather crisis after crisis, as he did for 32 years.

The first of those was touched off by long-smoldering resentments between Communists, conservative Muslims and ethnic Chinese that exploded into one of the bloodiest massacres in modern history.

His precise role in the violence is not clear; he managed to keep his name from being directly attached to it. What is clear is that in many areas the army, which he controlled, supplied weapons to and whipped up a tense population to mutilate and murder people suspected of being Communists, many of them of Chinese ancestry. Estimates of the number of dead have ranged from 500,000 to as many as one million.

Contemporary dispatches reported that the general sent crack troops of the army’s Strategic Reserve Command to organize the liquidation of the Communists. Hamish McDonald, a journalist with wide experience in Asia, wrote in his book “Suharto’s Indonesia” that General Suharto later dispatched Col. Sarwo Edhi Wibowo with a force of commandos “to encourage the anti-Communist civilians to help with the job.” The colonel said, “We gave them two or three days’ training, then sent them out to kill the Communists.”

Along with presumed Communists, entire families were wiped out and personal scores settled with ethnic Chinese, longtime residents of the country.
Mr. Suharto had blamed the Indonesian Communist Party for what he described as an abortive coup in 1965, though the Communists’ exact role in it remains unclear. In that uprising, six senior anti-Communist generals were killed in one evening, and questions have lingered about why Mr. Suharto was one of the few senior officers not marked for assassination. In any event, he became the chief beneficiary of the subsequent crackdown as he moved quickly to consolidate his control.



When Mr. Suharto took over from Sukarno, the country was bankrupt. Inflation was rampant and hunger was commonplace in a country rich in natural resources.

Mr. Suharto ended Sukarno’s policy of confrontation with Malaysia and became a force for regional stability by helping to establish the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Indonesia rejoined the United Nations, from which it had withdrawn in 1965.

With the help of American-trained economists, Indonesia moved from being the world’s largest rice-importing nation to a rice exporter. During the 1970s, oil was a major export and a significant source of foreign exchange. High oil prices allowed considerable economic development, but when Pertamina, the national oil company, was shaken by scandal in the late ’70s, the country again neared bankruptcy.

Mr. Suharto brought what became known as the New Order to Indonesia, but at the price of repression. Scholars have estimated that as many as 750,000 people were arrested in the military crackdown after the killing of the generals, and that 55,000 to 100,000 people accused of being Communists may have been held without trial for as long as 14 years.

In the early ’80s, 4,000 to 9,000 people were killed by death squads organized by army Special Forces to deal with petty criminals and some political operatives. And, according to Benedict Richard O’Gorman Anderson, a professor emeritus of government at Cornell, 200,000 people of a population of 700,000 died in East Timor in the civil war and famine after Indonesia’s invasion and annexation in 1975.

Professor Anderson called Mr. Suharto a “malign dictator with blood on his hands — over the years anywhere from half a million to a million people.”

The repressiveness of the Suharto era broke into the headlines during President Ronald Reagan’s trip to Asia in 1986, a trip meant to highlight the “winds of freedom” in the region. Just before Mr. Reagan’s arrival in Bali, the government expelled a correspondent for The New York Times and barred two Australian journalists after unfavorable reports about the great wealth accumulated by the general and his family.

When he came to power, he refused at first to move into the presidential palace, saying he preferred to live in his own modest house in Jakarta. During his years as president, however, his homes became palatial.

The Family Business

While he occupied himself with affairs of state or relaxed with a round of golf or a day of fishing, his wife, Siti Hartinah Suharto, known as Madame Tien, handled the family’s business affairs. She became the object of quiet criticism, with her detractors calling her “Madame Tien Percent,” a reference to what were said to be commissions she received on business deals.


But Madame Tien, who died in 1996, was restrained compared with the six Suharto children. They used their connections to amass as much as $35 billion from their business interests, according to an estimate by Transparency International, a private anticorruption organization. Cartels and monopolies extended the family’s reach to paper, cement, plywood, cloves, toll roads, power plants, automobiles and banks.

One daughter, Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana, led a corporate group that collected many of the tolls on new highways. A son, Bambang Trihatmodjo, became chairman of a conglomerate of some 90 companies with interests in everything from shipping and insurance to cocoa and timber, hotels, television, automobiles, even condoms. Another son was connected to the state oil monopoly.

Whatever favors were not given to the Suharto family went to friends. A respected Indonesian scholar was quoted by The Times as saying: “At least 80 percent of major government projects go in some form to the president’s children or friends.”

The family has denied that it benefited unfairly from tax breaks and other favors and said government contracts had been subjected to competitive bidding, a widely disputed assertion.

Impoverished Childhood

Mr. Suharto was born on June 8, 1921, in Kemusu Argamulja, a village west of Yogyakarta in central Java. He was the only child from his father’s second marriage, but he had 11 half-brothers and sisters. His father was a village irrigation official, with control over the water for rice growers.

His parents divorced, and he moved from his mother’s home to an aunt’s, to his father’s, to his stepfather’s. At one point he was transferred to the household of Daryatmo, a noted guru and dukun, who remained an adviser to Mr. Suharto in his later years.

He was so poor that he once had to change schools because he could not afford the shorts and shoes that were the required uniform. His education ended with junior high school. He found a job in the bank in his village, but resigned after he tore his only set of work clothes in a bicycle accident.

Indonesia was a Dutch colony, and with the outbreak of war in 1940 he joined the Royal Netherlands Indies Army, which surrendered to the Japanese three months after Pearl Harbor. Indonesian nationalists began cooperating with the Japanese as a step toward independence, and he joined the Japanese-sponsored Volunteer Army, reaching the rank of commander.

After the Japanese surrender he joined the independence forces, emerging as a lieutenant colonel, steeped in anticolonialism and anti-Communism.

In 1947 he married Siti Hartinah; they had six children, Siti Hardiyanti Hastuti Rukmana, Sigit Harjojudanto, Bambang Trihatmodjo, Siti Hediati, Hutomo Mandala Putra and Siti Hutami Endang Adiningsih, who survive, along with 11 grandchildren and a great-grandchild.

After attending the army staff and command school, he was made a brigadier general and placed in charge of intelligence. He rose to command the army’s new Strategic Reserve Force, the position he held when the six generals were killed in 1965. On that night he was visiting his youngest child in a hospital, and it was said that that was how he escaped assassination.

Despite the allegations of human-rights abuses and corruption, Mr. Suharto escaped prosecution, evidence of the influence he retained long after he was forced from power. In 2000 the government charged him with having embezzled more than $600 million, but later dropped the charges because he was in ill health. After Time magazine reported that he had stolen up to $15 billion, he sued for defamation, and lost twice in lower courts before the Supreme Court ruled in his favor last year.

In July, prosecutors filed a civil suit, which is still pending, seeking $1.1 billion in damages for embezzling. And in December, an investigation was announced into six cases of human-rights abuses, including the killing of more than half a million people in the ’60s.

Because of a stroke and other ailments, he was said to have brain damage and trouble communicating. But in November, after obtaining the verdict against Time, he gave a rare interview to an Indonesian news magazine. Asked about the accusations of corruption, he laughed. “It’s all empty talk,” he said. “Let them accuse me. The fact is I have never committed corruption.”

Suharto
NYTimes y, May 27, 2009

For 30 years, almost everything in Indonesia revolved around one man: Suharto.

As a young general, Suharto -- who like many of his fellow Indonesians used only one name -- was one of the few military leaders to escape the attempted coup that in 1965 ousted Sukarno, the left-leaning strongman who was then president for life. As a wave of killing swept across the country, Suharto took control, although he left Sukarno in place as a figurehead before naming himself president in 1968.

Ruling with a heavy hand, Suharto kept the country together -- no mean feat in a land of 200 million people comprising 300 ethnic groups speaking 250 languages and inhabiting more than 17,000 islands spread over a 3,500-mile archipelago. The country's economy also grew strongly, as did Suharto's personal fortune and those of his family members, who became billionaires many times over.

Then came the Asian economic crisis, when the country's currency plummeted. Unrest grew as Suharto seemed unable to cope with the country's economic situation. After 500 students died in protests, he stepped down on May 21, 1998. He offered an apology to the nation but managed to avoid prosecution by claiming ill health. He died in Jakarta on Jan. 27, 2008 at 86. — Jan. 27, 2008

National Intelligence Estimate 12/31/68 Background-The West irian question 07/10/69
Memorandum Kissinger 05/26/70 Ford Kissinger Suharto discussions 12/06/75
Memorandum of Conversation 05/26/70 Holbrook meeting with Suharto 04/18/77
Meeting Ford Suharto 07/05/75 Mondale visit 04/26/78
Issues and objectives for Suiharto visit Summary of Mondale meeting with Suharto 05/10/78
Meeting suharto Reagan 10/01/1982 Summary meeting Suharto Reagan 10/12/82
East Timor developments 09/09/83 Current developments East Timor 09/23/83
US Indonesian security relations VP George Bush's meeting with Suharto 05/12/84
Weyerhauser corruption problem 12/05/72 Carleton Brown to Ambassador 10/10/73
Proposal for action IGGI 12/14/72 Suharto's involvement in timber concessions 09/07/73


Ex president Suharto dies 01/27/2008

On Sunday, President Yudhoyono called on the nation
to thank the former leader for his services to the Indonesian nation.



 

 

The Australian: Released papers implicate Suharto 02/01/08

NY Times: Suharto 01/31/08

NY Times: The Suharto billions 01/31/08 (01/16/98)

TheAge.com:White House gave Suharto an easy ride 01/30/08

News.com: Chasing Suharto's millions 01/30/08

Bloomberg: Suharto's corrupt legacy lives on 01/29/08

 Suharto: A Declassified Documentary Obit
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 242
Posted January 28, 2008

SFgate: In Indonesia, Suharto's "divided" legacy

Bloomberg: Suharto is buried as Indonesia debates his legacy 01/28/08

LA Times: Indonesian ruler left mixed legacy 01/28/08

The Economist: In death, Suharto cheats justice 01/28/08

Washington Post: Indonesia's Despotic 'Father of Development' 01/28/08

Washington Post: Former President Suharto 1921-2008 01/28/08

Suharto, one of the world's longest-serving leaders, was born on June 8, 1921,
and became the second president of Indonesia after independence.

» LAUNCH PHOTO GALLERY

ABCnews: State Funeral For Former Indonesian President Suharto 01/28/08

ABCnews: Key Dates in Suharto's Rise and Fall 01/28/08

A key US ally in the Cold War

BBC: Asian press bid Suharto farewell
01/28/08

A day after his death, newspapers in Asia give their verdicts on former Indonesian President Suharto. There is much praise for his economic achievements, but strong criticism over human rights abuses committed under his rule

MSNBC: The life of a strongman
Suharto ruled Indonesia for 32 years before being forced from office, and even then he wielded influence over the country’s ruling elite

MSNBC: Indonesians bury controversial Suharto 01/28/08

CNN: Suharto's body taken to hometown 01/28/08

NYT: In Death, Ex-Dictator Elicits Grief and Tributes 01/28/08

SMH: Strongman Soeharto 01/28/08

SMH: Five facts about Soeharto 01/28/08

SMH: Dictator resigned after riot debacle 01/28/08

SMH: Soeharto 'patronising' towards Australia 01/28/08

SMH: No end to ambition 01/28/08

Reuters: Indonesian press reaction to Suharto's death 01/28/08

Reuters:Asia papers bid Suharto a frank but not fond farewell 01/28/08

ABCnews: US Offers Condolences on Suharto Death, Cold War Ally
01/27/08

"President Bush expresses his condolences to the people of Indonesia on the loss
of their former president," said Gordon Johndroe, spokesman for the White House's National Security Council.

Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd called Suharto an "influential leader" who presided over the world's fourth most populous country, and its largest Islamic
nation, during critical times.

ABCnews: Key Dates in Suharto's Rise and Fall 01/28/08
A key US ally in the Cold War

 



People lining the streets in Jakarta along the route to airport

 
 


BBC: Funeral in pictures 01/28/08

BBC: Suharto buried in state funeral 01/28/08

BBC: Indonesia set for funeral 01/28/08

SMH: Soeharto 'patronising' towards Australia 01/28/08

Washington Post: Indonesia's Ex-Dictator Suharto Buried 01/28/08

TIME: Suharto: Twilight of the God 01/27/08

Reuters: Indonesia's Suharto has state funeral in royal city 01/28/08

CNN: Suharto's body taken to hometown 01/27/08

MSNBC:World leaders hail controversial Suharto 01/27/08

Cameron Hume, the U.S. ambassador in Jakarta, said Suharto
was a close ally who led his country through a period of "remarkable" development.

"Though there may be some controversy over his legacy,
President Suharto was a historic figure who left a lasting
imprint on Indonesia and the region," Hume said.

Foreign Minister Maxime Verhagen of the Netherlands, which colonized Indonesia for several centuries, called Suharto an "important political figure" whose rule marked "a period of relative stability" in Indonesia

Former Indonesian president patronising but knew importance of maintaining cordial relations, Alexander Downer says

SMH: Strongman Soeharto dies without ever facing justice
01/27/08

NYT: Suharto, Former Indonesian Dictator, Dies at 86 01/27/08

BBC: Indonesia ex-leader Suharto dies
01/27/08

BBC: In pictures: Suharto death 01/27/08

BBC: The lasting legacy of Suharto

BBC: Obituary: Ex-President Suharto of Indonesia 01/27/08

MSNBC: Indonesia’s ex-dictator Suharto dies at 86 01/27/08

CNN: Former Indonesian President Suharto dies at 86 01/27/08

 BBC: Suharto's battle with corruption charges 01/27/08

 

President and Mrs. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono join with Soeharto's relatives
and offer prayers before the body of former Indonesian president Soeharto
at his house in Jakarta on Sunday. 01/27/08
Photo: AP

 

 

Family Cemetery: Astana Giribangun, Solo
Suharto will be buried besides his wife Tien Suharto

 

Mrs. Siti Hartinah (Tien) Suharto died 26 April 1996

 



MSNBC: Family rushes to side of Suharto
Two physicians call former dictator's deteriorating condition 'alarming'


Indonesia repeals Suharto ruling
BBCnews: 16 April 2009

Indonesia's Supreme Court has reversed a two-year-old libel conviction against Time magazine, in a move that is being seen as a victory for press freedom.
It means the publication no longer has to pay $106m (£70m) in damages to the estate of late President Suharto.

A 1999 cover story alleged his family had amassed a multi-billion dollar fortune during his 32-years in office.

Since the initial trial, a corruption watchdog has estimated that Mr Suharto stole as much as $35bn while in power.
Last year the Indonesian courts ruled that his heirs were liable for some of the embezzled money.

 

Suharto Inc.

Time: It' all in the family 05/31/99

 


 

 BBC: Suharto suffers blood infection 01/15/08

MSNBC: Related photos 01/08

MSNBC: The Life of a strongman 01/08

Reuters: Suharto ill as country prepares for his death 01/13/08

Reuters: Suharto's Rise and Fall 01/13/08

Telegraph: Suharto on his deathbed 01/13/01

General Suharto, the former dictator of Indonesia, appeared on the brink of death last night, after suffering multiple organ failure. His family was at his bedside in a Jakarta hospital where he was brought a week ago.

freep.com Suharto placed on ventilator01/12/08

JAKARTA, Indonesia — The former Indonesian dictator Suharto suffered organ failure Friday and was placed on a ventilator, losing consciousness as his family rushed to his bedside, some praying and reciting verses from the Quran.

BBC:  Life in pictures: Indonesia's Suharto 01/08

BBC: Suharto health improves slightly 01/12/08

BBC: Suharto suffers organ failure 01/12/08

indahnesia.com : Suharto losing consciousness, Kalla arrives at hospital 01/11/08

Former president Suharto was losing consciousness, the hospital treating him said, and the Vice President had been summoned to his bedside to witness the 86-year-old's death. Suharto was losing consciousness and having difficulty breathing at 17:00 local time (08:00 GMT). on Friday, according to a statement released at 8.30 p.m. by Pertamina hospital in Jakarta where he is being treated.

CNN: Suharto shows alarming decline 01/11/08

BBC: Suharto condition deterioratings 01/08/08

BBC: Suharto's health state 'critical' 01/05/08

Indonesian ex-leader Suharto's health has worsened and is now "critical", his doctors have told the country's President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

 CNN: TIME to fight $106 million Suharto fine 09/12/07

BBC: Time vows to fight Suharto ruling 09/11/07

BBC: TIME ordered to pay Suharto $106 million 09/10/07

BBC: Suharto case begins 08/09/07

BBC: Civil suit filed against Suharto 07/09/07

 MSNBC: Suharto leaves hospital 05/30/06

BBC: Suharto condition deteriorating 05/23/06

 BBC: Suharto gravely ill in hospital 05/19/06

BBC: Suharto corruption case dropped 05/12/06

Telegraph: Suharto unfit to face 320m pound trial 05/13/06

LA Times: The case against Suharto dropped 05/13/06

 BBC: Indonesia reviewing Suharto case 05/11/06

CBS: Suharto should'nt face trial 05/08/06

BBC: Rise and Fall of strongman Suharto 09/28/2000

 

Seoul Times: Suharto seriously ill 10/17/05

 Guardian: Politicians visit ailing Suharto 05/12/05

 BBC: Suharto returns home 05/11/05

Newsday: Suharto's family confident he will recover 05/10/05

Jakarta Post: Suharto's condition unstable 04/10/05

Korea Herald: Soeharto's condition unstable 05/10/05

 BBC: Suharto's condition much better 05/10/05

Reuters: Suharto in serious condition 05/09/05

 

Born in Java, June 1921

Becomes president March 1967
Modernisation programmes in the
70s and 80s raise living standards
Asian economic crisis of the 1990s
hits Indonesian economy

Spiralling prices and discontent
force him to resign in May 1998


BBC: 05/09/05

 

BBC: Indonesia's Suharto seriously ill 05/09/05

Former Indonesian leader Suharto is in intensive care
after being taken to hospital with intestinal bleeding

 

CNN: Indonesian dictator gravely ill 05/09/05

News.com: Suharto in hospital 05/07/05

 

Guardian.co.uk, Sunday 27 January 2008
Obituary


Suharto
Indonesian dictator whose 30-year rule was based on ruthless repression, cronyism and manipulation of the world's rival superpowersJohn Gittings guardian.co.uk, Sunday 27 January 2008 13.16 GMT Article historyThe death of the former Indonesian president Suharto at the age of 86 reminds us that even the most stubborn of dictatorships come to an end. Despite predictions by his ruling clique that he would lead Indonesia into the 21st century, his term of office, which began with bloodshed in 1967, ended equally bloodily in 1998.
Although known as the "smiling general", he had a complex character which, for most of his life, successfully deflected analysis. He was acclaimed as a man of modest origins who had taken power out of disgust at the corruption of the last years of Sukarno, Indonesia's first president, who ruled from its independence from the Netherlands in 1949 until 1967.

For years, this myth coexisted with the public knowledge that Suharto presided over a regime in which his closest friends controlled huge monopolies and lucrative concessions, while his children acquired assets worth billions of dollars.

Under his rule, Indonesia became closely aligned with western interests during the cold war and was rewarded with aid and investment to foster rapid economic growth, making fortunes for his cronies. He favoured ambitious, but often unsound, development projects, and schemes to relocate millions of landless peasants and open up virgin forests paved the way for the country's current environmental crisis.

Vast numbers of political opponents were killed, jailed or sent to labour camps during three decades of Suharto's rule, with tens of thousands dying in East Timor alone following its illegal annexation in 1975.

Suharto lost his grip on power only when the Asian financial crisis of 1997 led to popular unrest over rocketing prices and unemployment, to which he had no answer except repression.

His political career ended in May 1998, two months after he had insisted on standing for a seventh presidential term and appointed a cabinet dominated by his old friends and family. The killing of six students by security forces at Trisakti University on May 12 triggered a revulsion to which even Suharto had to yield.


It was grimly fitting that a regime that began in blood with the slaughter of hundreds of thousands in an anti-communist crackdown from 1965 to1966 ended with more bloodshed. Only then could the Suharto myth begin to be unravelled.

It had been a long journey from his birthplace, the village of Godean, around 25 miles from Jogjakarta, the former royal capital in central Java.

His father was a minor official under Dutch rule, supervising water distribution to the fields, in return for which he was allocated two acres to farm. His mother had distant aristocratic origins, being descended from one of the sultan of Jogjakarta's concubines some generations back. Suharto himself seems to have been rather unhappy, and frequently changed his name through life - a Javanese device to fend off evil spirits at a time of personal failure.

His parents separated when he was small, and he then lived with relatives. He spent some time in the house of Daryatmo, a local dukun (curer of supernatural problems), who became the first guru in his life. Such mystical guidance always remained important to him.

He graduated from high school in 1939, working briefly in a village bank, and would later claim he lost the job because his only sarong was accidentally torn and he could not afford to replace it. The alternative version is that he was sacked for stealing clothes, and was ordered by the court to join the army as an alternative to prison.


The only path forward for young men in what was then the Dutch East Indies - outside the tiny elite sent to college - was the army. Suharto joined the Royal Netherlands Indies army in 1940, and soon became a sergeant. When the Japanese invaded in 1942, the Dutch commander in chief, Lieutenant General Ter Poorten, surrendered precipitately. Any respect for the colonial power was lost.

Suharto, with tens of thousands of others from the disbanded force, joined Peta, the Volunteer Army of Defenders of the Motherland, whose explicit aim was to help Japan defend Indonesia against invasion by the western allies. In fact, nationalist leaders such as Sukarno and Mohammed Hatta used support for Japan to arouse a more general sense of anti-imperialism.

The Japanese turned ex-NCOs, including Suharto, into officers and gave them further military education, including lessons in the use of the samurai sword. Suharto's adulatory biographer, OG Roeder, records in The Smiling General (1969) that his subject was "well known for his tough, but not brutal, methods".

When, in August 1945, the Japanese surrender brought the second world war to a close, its forces were ordered by the allies to prevent an Indonesian nationalist takeover. However, Peta units refused to disarm, seizing control of several large towns.


Suharto led a raid on the Japanese garrison at Jogjakarta. In the official account, he is also credited with foiling a communist coup against Sukarno. In a more plausible interpretation, he supported the conspiracy when it appeared likely to succeed, but betrayed it once it had failed. Fact and myth are equally hard to disentangle in his career.

When Indonesia gained independence in 1949 after a four-year struggle against the Dutch, Sukarno became the country's first president. Suharto, by then a colonel in the new national army, took part in the pacification of rebellious forces in South Sulawesi, where his troops earned a reputation for extreme brutality.

Suharto and his colleagues saw themselves as operators - and the army as the mechanism - to steer Indonesian society through a transition beset by militant communism and Islam. Less visible than the senior generals around Sukarno, they were waiting in the wings for the president's uneasy coalition of Muslims, the PKI and the army to crumble.

That moment came on September 30 1965, when the PKI leader, DN Aidit (apparently acting on his own), and a small group of leftwing officers launched a botched coup in which six senior generals were killed. Suharto, who mysteriously survived, quickly suppressed the uprising.


Over the next six months, army units and local vigilante groups launched a nationwide purge of so-called communists, a catch-all label that included labour and civic leaders and thousands of others who would never have even heard of Karl Marx. Most were shot, stabbed, beaten to death or thrown down wells in acts of horrifying violence.

The purge was masterminded by Suharto, who soon persuaded President Sukarno to vest in him leadership of the armed forces, and used trusted officers to carry it out. It is thought up to 600,000 were killed.

Suharto, while professing complete loyalty to the president, quickly marginalised Sukarno. And by March 1966, Sukarno had transferred most of his power to Suharto, who became acting president a year later. By March 1968, he was formally elected president by the tame provisional parliament. Sukarno remained under house arrest till his death in 1970.

Suharto shrewdly retained Sukarno's pancasila ideology, first put forward as Indonesian state philosophy in 1945 - the five vague principles were a belief in God, national unity, humanitarianism, social justice and democracy. He presented his own regime as a rational choice between communism and Islamism, with occasional forays against overseas Chinese business interests.


Under Suharto, Indonesia enjoyed a favourable international climate. His regime was applauded by the west for its "suppression of communism", a policy the US covertly encouraged. It also won approval from Moscow, which had regarded the PKI's close links with China with alarm.

Over the following decade, US oil companies invested more than $2bn in Indonesia's petroleum industry, accounting for 90% of the country's total production.
More than 1.5 million people were "transmigrated" from Java and Bali to relieve population pressure and colonise outlying islands.


Suharto gained his biggest reward for destroying the Indonesian left when he invaded
East Timor in December 1975, only a day after the US president, Gerald Ford, and his secretary of state, Henry Kissinger, had dined with him.

As secret documents obtained in 2001 by the independent Washington-based
National Security Archive would reveal, Suharto asked for US "
understanding if we
deem it necessary to take rapid or drastic action".

In reply, Ford told Suharto: "
We will understand and will not press you on the issue."

Proclaiming a "new order", Suharto confined domestic politics to setpiece elections contested by two federations of former parties and an army-dominated body, Golkar, which had no party members but won 60% to 70% of the vote.


It seemed a recipe for an Iranian-style upheaval, but Suharto survived the growth of discontent through the ruthless use of an intelligence apparatus. Muslim militants were jailed and social protest suppressed. More subtly, the older politicians whom he had supplanted were allowed to form an ineffective "group of 50" in 1980.

Suharto's real talent lay in manipulating the military elite on which he relied and yet needed to divide and rule. Those he depended on most would find themselves discarded when they might threaten to become too powerful.

However, the 1990s saw a revival of labour unrest. The biggest source of dissent was a huge growth in cronyism and the blatant pursuit of financial gain by the Suharto family.

Such nepotism was not essential for the Suharto regime - it reflected his adoption of a ruling style increasingly akin to that of a traditional Javanese king. The village in which he had been born was graced with a palace, and it was ordained that he should be buried in the nearby family mausoleum, echoing the royal custom of hilltop interment.

Following nationwide protests, he resigned in May 1998, having finally lost the confidence of even his own military clique.

After a year's silence, the former president emerged to deny claims he had amassed a fortune, filing a suit against Time magazine for publishing detailed allegations. There were suggestions he had threatened to implicate other members of the Jakarta elite if the investigation proved too vigorous.


After suffering a stroke, his lawyers claimed he was too ill to be questioned by the attorney general. In April 2000, he was banned from leaving Jakarta. He was later ruled unfit to stand trial on physical and mental grounds.

He is survived by his six children, among them Hutomo "Tommy" Mandala Putra, who served four years in prison for hiring a hitman to assassinate the judge who had convicted him of corruption.


 

 

WNet : Shadow Play 2002

  Slate: How Did Suharto Steal $35 Billion?
03/26/04

SMH: Dictator resigned after riot debacle 01/28/08

SMH: Indonesia's heads of state: a chronology 01/28/08

SMH: Soeharto 'patronising' towards Australia 01/28/08

SMH: No end to ambition 01/28/08

  BBC: Suharto recovering 05/08/06

 BBC: Suharto's battle with corruption charges 01/27/08

 British Arms Deal Corruption
12/13/04

  Antara: Supersemar still kept by M. Jusuf's family 04/05/05

Breaking of a Nation: Film about Suharto dictatorship 11/14/04 

YahooNews: Indonesia investigates Suharto family over British Arms deal 12/11/04

Parliamentary Truth and Concilliation Commission approved to investigate state-sponsored killings and abductions that took place during former dictator Suharto’s 32 years in power 09/08/04

 BBC: Jakarta activist feared poisoned 11/12/04

Suharto's Sunset years 06/08/04

  A.M. Hanafi menggugat

BBC: Untold Story - Killing fields
05/15/04

The corruption of Warren Christopher 11/13/02

 MSNBC: Tommy moved to Nusakembangan

  BBC: Tommy Suharto moved to prison isle

CNN: Tommy rules out jail appeal

 TIME Asia: Throwing the book at Suharto

MSNBC: Tommy will not appeal conviction

 BBC: Tommy Suharto rules out appeal

 CNN: Tommy Suharto jailed for murder

 BBC: The trials of Tommy

BBC: Tommy Suharto guilty of murder

BBC: Vital trial nears end 

BBC: Tommy denies being a fugitive

 MSNBC: Tommy Suharto found guilty

 BBC: Lawyer suspected of bribery

 BBC: Tommy threatened judge

BBC: Tommy denies gun charges

  Media frenzy over Tommy Suharto

SMH: All eyes on Tommy Suharto

 MSNBC: Triual resumes

CNN: Murder trial opens

  CNN: The fallen playboy

BBC: Flamboyant playboy

 BBC: Murder trial opens

CNN: Tommy Suharto charged with murder

  MSNBC: Suharto son trial major test

MSNBC: Tommy charged with murder

 BBC: Tommy Suharto charged with murder

MSNBC: Police call Wahid over Tommy's case

 BBC: Tommy jailed awaiting trial for murder

CNN: Tommy arrested thanks to text messages

 CNN: Tommy denies murder role 

CNN: Indonesia celebrates Tommy's arrest

  TIME: Let the game begin

BBC: Arrest not a set-up

 BBC: Arrest - In Pictures

MSNBC: Police questioning begins

 MSNBC: Suharto unaware of son's arrest

CNN: Suharto fugitive son arrested

  MSNBC: Tommy Suharto arrested

 BBC: Tommy Suharto arrested

 MSNBC: Police arrest Suharto son

 BBC: Still sought for murder

BBC: Fight over acquittal

 BBC: Tommy Suharto conviction overturned

 CNN: Tommy ready to surrender

FEER: Tommy Suharto - Hunt gets serious

 CNN: Judge assassin suspect dies in custody

SMH: Tommy Suharto offers to surrender

 BBC: Stepping up hunt for Tommu Suharto

CNN: Toimmy Suharto ready to surrender

 MSNBC: Tommy denies terrorism

  SMH: Police accuse Tommy in murder

 JP: Police raid alleged Tommy hide-outs

 BBC: Suharto son wanted

BBC: Suharto's playboy son

MSNBC: Tommy Suharto - From golden boy to fugitive 

BBC: Suharto's son linked to killing

MSNBC: Megawati orders arrest of Suharto's  son

MSNBC: Police link Tommy Suharto to bombings and murder

BBC: Tommy Suharto escapes again

BBC: Police break into bunker

BBC: Tommy's bank accounts frozen

BBC: Suharto's son linked to killing

CNN: Tommy Suharto judge shot dead

 BBC: Tommy Suharto judge shot dead

BBC: Suharto's fortune

BBC: Rise and fall of Suharto

1965-1998: The Suharto years

 President Suharto newslinks

TIME: Indonesia's delicate balance
05/12/86

Suharto and Musharraf 12/04/2002

TIME: The wealth of a troubled paradise 03/16/77

TIME: A firmer hand 10/20/67

TIME: President for real 04/05/68

 Uncertainty in Suharto's Indonesia (1996)

TIME: The blossoming of Pak Harto
11/17/67

TIME: Emergency time 03/25/66

BBC: Rise and Fall of a strongman 09/28/2000

BBC: The case against Suharto 09/28/2000

BBC: Fall from grace 09/28/2000

FPIF: Indonesia after Suharto 11/1998

Suharto Inc.

 

Time: Vengeance with a smile 07/15/66

 Time: First Fruits: 11/22/71

 Time: A General at the Palace 04/08/66

 Time: Emergency Time 03/25/66

 
   

Time: Indonesia Burning 05/25/98

 

Background Notes Indonesia - 1999

 Time: Indonesia on the brink
03/23/1998

Indonesia- Mastercard in Washington's
hand (June 1998)

 Suharto - A political biography
Cambridge University Press 2001

Profile and photo Suharto

ATimes:  Suharto's kids and cronies should face the music 04/02/02

Profile: Suharto

The corruption of Warren Christopher 11/13/02

 Guardian: Spoils of a massacre
07/14/01

Lyndon Johnson Security Files Asia
1963-69

Dikhianati pembantu dekat

 BBC: Rise and fall of strongman Suharto

BBC: Media frenzy over Tommy Suharto

  Shadow Play: Suharto

 BBC: Suharto leaves hospital

 MSNBC: Suharto released from hospital

 State Department documents recalled

EIR: British Attempt to break-up Indonesia

 John Pilger: Spoils of a massacre

 SMH: Fugitive son of Suharto to surrender

 BBC: Suharto's son offers to surrender

 Indonesia outs its history

 BBC: Suharto son wanted

 BBC: Suharto's playboy son

BBC: Police break into bunker

  CNN: Indonesia battles Suharto legacy

BBC: Suharto's son linked to killing

 MSNBC: Megawati orders arrest of Suharto's son

MSNBC: Police link Tommy Suharto to bombings and murder

 MSNBC: Tommy Suharto - From golden boy to fugitive

CNN: US recalls book on purge in Indonesia

 NYT: Official History describes US policy

 MSNBC: Recalled book details
US role 1965

 BBC: US blocks Indonesia history revelations

US and Suharto 66-68

Coup & Counter Reaction Oct 65 - Mar 66

INDONESIA PAPERS 1964-1968

 Sukarno-US Dec 64 - Sept 65

WP: Papers show 1965 CIA role

  NSA: CIA stalling State Dept 1965 Histories

 BBC: Tommy Suharto judge shot dead

MSNBC: Gunmen kill Indonesian judge

TIME: A history of internal strife

TIME: Dictator from day one

 TIME: Thoughts of a dictator

CNN: Tommy Suharto judge shot dead

AG: Fresh suit against Suharto

 TIME: Thoughts of a dictator

Suharto stable after pacemaker surgery

 BBC: Suharto undergoes 2nd surgery

BBC: Suharto faces new heart operation

  BBC: Rise and fall of strongman Suharto

Suharto admitted to hospital

 Suharto sees visitors

CNN: Struggle to shun Suharto legacy

 SCMP: Suharto named top most wanted

Bob Hasan: Rise and fall of a timber tycoon

 CNN: Suharto's Presidency

Bob Hasan's sentence tripled

Bob Hasan's corruption trial

 Protesters throw firebombs

 Supersemar: 5 Pertanyaan

 Suharto's Legacy of graft entrenched

 TEMPO: Cendana Kartu sakti Presiden

 Complications after surgery

 CNN - Suharto's Presidency

Suharto has emergency appendectomy

 Suharto appendix removed

Tutut Suharto questioned

 Tutut Suharto faces corruption probe

Tutut & Probosutedjo barred from travel

Tutut Suharto barred from travel

Tutut Suharto named as suspect

Suharto daughter implicated

Omar Dani: CIA/Suharto terlibat

 Omar Dani & Subandrio

FEER: Bombs, the Army and Suharto

 Bob Hasan pleads not guilty

  Suharto's Fall-Eyewitness account

Government denies conspiracy

  Police seize Tommy's house

Tommy Suharto a fugitive

Years of living dangerously film

Family quizzed on Tommy

Trial to resume, son eludes arrest

 Manhunt begins for Suharto's son

Suharto trial to resume

Suharto trial to resume

 Indonesia to allow 1965 coup film

 Suharto case to continue

 Book Censorship

Cronies: After the good times

 Tommy banned from leaving country

 Cronyism in Indonesia

Prosecutors appeal Suharto case

 Suharto family to be held accountable

 No pardon for Tommy Suharto

Tommy's plea for pardon rejected

Dosa PKI, Suharto atau Sukarno?

 Gus Dur vs Cendana

Suharto son begs clemency

Tommy seeks presidential pardon

 Gestapu commemoration

 Off the Hook?

Tommy ignores arrest summons

 Pondering the Law, Suharto's Fate

Tommy ignores summons

 No reconciliation without justice

 Wahid demands re-opening of case

Charges dropped against ailing Suharto

Ruling prompts protests

Indonesia braces for Suharto backlash

Suharto's Fortune

Why Suharto can't stand trial

Gus Dur says decision one-sided

Judge objects to Wahid's statement

Show trial stopped

Find a clean judge

Fall from grace

Ruling damaging, possibly dangerous

Suharto's New Order

 Profile

Unfit to stand trial

 Suharto's role in Gestapu a mystery

Violence after trial thrown out

Suharto unfit to stand trial

BBC - The case against Suharto

BBC - Suharto's fall in pictures

Suharto case dismissed

 Tommy's arrest ordered

Tommy sentenced to 18 months

 Tommy convicted for corruption

Tommy lagi memancing di P Seribu

Tommy di Polda

Wahid puts pressure on Suharto family 

Security tightened for Suharto trial

Interview Defense Minister Mahmudin

 Bomb probe backfires

  Just how ill is Suharto

 Suharto son arrest order

 Suharto - Last of a Breed

 Time-line Suharto's rise

 Long Run of living dangerously

 Energy - Suharto took bribe money

 Suharto profile

 Suharto's moment of truth

 Fall from grace

 Family fortune

The case against Suharto

Suharto freed: Reaction in photos

 Indonesia 1967

 Disgraced but not bowed

 BW: Suharto's moment of truth 08/14/2000

 Suharto Photo (Feb 2001)

BW: Courtroom Drama
The key players in the case 08/14/2000

 CIA, Suharto and terrorist culture

 Profile Suharto

  The Nation: E Timor: Kissinger's greenlight to Suharto 02/18/2002

 Foreign Policy under Suharto
11-1992

New order under Suharto
11-1992


New Order under Suharto Chronology of people's revolt
New Order Reform needed to defuse bomb
1965 Suharto's rise Medan's madness
The 1965 Coup and its Aftermath Seven days in May
Elusive 1965 documents Rising unrest
The New Order The military is on guard
President Suharto Is a time bomb ticking ?
Suharto Political opposition
Rise of Suharto, Fall of Sukarno Steve Hanke advising Suharto
From villager to patriarch Currency Board-Suharto's gamble
President Suharto Foreign policy under Suharto
Suharto (photo) Protests move to capital
Fortress Suharto A city goes mad
1996 Sizing up Suharto shares Violence shatters image
1996 Feeling the pressure Up, down and across
Crony crew Supermarket burned in protest
Tycoons: Pay Up or face Tax man Total anarchy May 14, 1998
Now for the hard part What Next? May 15, 1998
Tien Suharto- In mourning Military on Alert May 18, 1998
Health concerns send tremors Students massacred
The First Family's Affairs Students agony and anger
Suharto's son Bambang rises Timeline of students turmoil
Suharto Inc. Network President speech May 19, 1998
Throne Contenders May 19, 1998 Refuses to resign
Feast and famine Students protest at parliament
Resting on a secure base Student sit-in May 20, 1998
The enemy within Student protests shake regime
Inside the volcano Students demand political reform
Divided they stand, for now Cabinet Reshuffle
Quick financial cure? Suharto's siege
Facing up to fiscal reality Military mobilised for mass repression
The Asian Financial Crisis Wiranto sides with Suharto
The Fall of Peregrine Parliament to ask Suharto to go
Effect on Singapore Day of reckoning
Singapore and Indonesia May 21, 1998 Resigns
Middle class has emerged Suharto resigns May 21, 1998
Class struggle Suharto bows out
Military backs orfderly transition I seek forgiveness
Reeling markets Resignation Speech
Marcos and Suharto Resignation Speech
Entrenched cronies vs technocrats Suharto Resignation speech
Now the hard part Resigns, names successor
1995 Unsettling for business Indonesia in flames
Suharto and the Islamic Movement A Political Obituary
Proposed buget 1998 Shrewd dictator
Indispensibility may save him End of an Epoch
Children turned to business Analysis: End of an era
Report on Indonesia 1967 Search for long-term successor
Meeting Bishop Belo Surrended power but not wealth
Religious disharmony Valued servant of the U.S.
Leaving little to chance The crimes of Suharto
Well-connected candidates US relations: Commerce first
McMasters-New Order US secret support for Suharto
Seeking seventh term On the brink
Seventh term March 11, 1998 Annus Horribilis
March 98 cabinet WSJ - Down and Out
Tutut going for leadership How the New Order collapsed
WP-Timeline since 1997 Jakarta's May Revolution
BBC-5 more years Analysis-End of Suharto
Capitalism-Stealthy foe Suharto's fall and background
A Javanese king talks of his end Businessweek: Regime on the Ropes
US: Piercing an Army's Veil End of New Order
International leaders call for reform Wilson Qrtrly: End of New Order
G8 leaders call for reform Schwarz: Turmoil in Indonesia
US urges reform Information highway too fast
Privatising social justice Analysing end of Suharto
All the President's Children Growth, not Greed
Nepotism, Cronyism World Reaction to resignation
Cashing-in on years of power His soldiers may be his judges
Suharto domineert Indonesia Portrait of Indonesia after Suharto
US Arms Sales to Indonesia In Focus: Indonesia after Suharto
Clinton call to Suharto A regime on the ropes
Pentagon training elite team Transition analysis
Joint excercises with Australia Indonesia moves beyond Suharto
Perils of nonconformity Their Suharto and ours
Bob Hasan - Suharto's man His Fall from Power
Suharto-wayang play Career Highlights
SMH-King Java Suharto system hard to uproot
Puppet Master The Suharto Shadow
Suharto Grip on Wealth Special Report Jan 2000
Time - Suharto Incorporated Bangkok Post - His place in history
BBC-Suharto's millions Rise of Suharto, Fall of Sukarno
CNN-All in the Family President Suharto and New Order
Rioters torch upper-class aspirations Suharto's end game
Indonesia's slow burn 1999 Elections-New Order
Too hot for business Dictator from Day One
Chinese flee A Bloodless coup
Neighbours evacuate nationals Suharto's Archipel
Freeport and Irian Jaya Trouble for Smiling General
Chinese merchant rebuilds 10 Days that shook Indonesia 1
Son-in-law under fire 10 Days that shook Indonesia 2
Prabowo faces trial 10 Days that shook Indonesia 3
Irian Jaya and East Timor 10 Days that shook Indonesia 4
Unchallenged leader 10 Days that shook Indonesia 5
The May 1998 riots 10 Days that shook the nation 6
Australian secret support Suharto's last stand
Let them eat the cake WP: Probe in finances
Indonesia's second chance Double standards in coverage
Sinar Harapan newspaper banned Whitewashing Suharto
Analysis: His millions Last of a Breed
Personal Data His fall from power
US Corporate Connection Speech that ended an epoch
From poverty to President Suharto's legacy
Our man in Jakarta Student revolution
Lessons of history Indonesia in Flames
Behind the riots People Power
Petition of Fifty The secret of survival
Indonesians resist Avoiding further tragedy
Rupiah Rasputin Rise and fall of a strongman  
50 Most Powerful in Asia 1996 Timeline Suharto's Fall
US Funding for opposition groups The Fall of Suharto
Suharto's downfall City Arrest
The Fall of Suharto Suharto questioned
Rebuilds base to shield fortune The main players
Always the best revenge Exposing the hidden hand
Indonesia's slow burn Indonesia - Dashed Hopes
Government Investigation US knew of activist abductions
Report on May1998 riots Power of the disappeared
Academic Freedom "Disappeared" student's testimony
BCA: Suharto's kiss of death Chasing after the past
Crucial days ahead Living outside the limelight
Corruption probe Gus Dur on Suharto
Placed under City Arrest Suharto - The Hidden hand
Too ill for questioning? Suharto: Shades of Pinochet?
Inquiry : Digging up past agonies  Student protests in Jakarta
House Arrest May 29, 2000 Suharto billions sneaking back?
Suharto Alone Suharto confined to home 
Suharto's Family Business History catches up with Suharto
Suharto money in US and Europe Suharto family negotiating deal
Business Week : Pay back time Agreement within reach
SCMP: Suharto's New Order The Boom years
Leaving dangerously Interim Habibie rule
Suharto's overthrow Accusing Suharto supporters
Suharto - A bloody legacy  Bomb scare in AG office
WSWS-The Fall of Suharto  The misguided fireman
Negotiating with govt  Suharto supporters accused
Key Dates  Office block seized 
Wahid supports 1965 killing probe  Politics or Justice?
Suharto's Fiery legacy  The investigation 
Suharto to be indicted Suharto to be charged with corruption
Suharto faces corruption charges Preparing to charge Suharto 
$155 M corruption charge Photo collection
Suharto formally charged  Facing Trial
Suharto's Fortune Analysis - Suharto case 
Shades of Pinochet  Formally charged 
BW: Suharto's moment of truth The Key Players in the case
The children and business A look at Suharto's fiefdom
Charged with corruption  Charges filed
Corruption charges filed FEER - Suharto's Record
Day of reckoning  Trial date set for Aug 31
Trial of the Century Suharto Military Dictatorship
Protesters stage pro-Suharto rally The End Game 
Double or nothing Suharto got Clinton kickbacks
Kings don't fall lightly Suharto's cronies 
Shoving Suharto aside Suharto resigns
Seize the New Zealand assets  Linked to violence 
Suharto, last of a breed Roots of a revolution 
From riot to resignation Suharto speaks 
Suharto Trial postponed  Rise and Fall of strongman 
Suharto fails to show up  Indonesia seeks redemption
Too ill for trial Suharto too sick
Chronology of probe Led Indonesia from chaos, and back
Dictator's Disease Daftar kekayaan 
Chronology of probe Trial adjourned 
Trial must proceed Doubts Suharto will go on trial 
Legal drama in Jakarta  Trial delayed
Related stories Where did the billions go?
Money Trail  Suharto Money-siphoning case 
Ford, Kissinger Suharto July 5, 1975  Indonesia vs Suharto 
Petition of 50 US Senator Biden on resignation 
Indonesia's Killing fields From president to prisoner 
FEER - Long journey to justice 

"New Order agents" behind bombing?

Focus on Suharto supporters Suharto cronies suspected
Suharto trial linked to violence Wahid-Evidence against Tommy
Suharto's son ordered arrested Tommy Suharto ordered arested
Wahid orders arrest Tommy Suharto Suharto's Playboy son 
Indonesia's judiciary  Tommy Suharto in bomb probe 
Suharto's son linked to bombing Tommy Suharto's denies involvement 
Suharto's hand felt Suharto son suspected  
Suharto son cleared  Sick man of Asia
Suharto's Archipel 1 His top 8 crimes
Suharto 's Archipel 2 Mohamed Suharto
Suharto's Archipel 3  
Suharto's Archipel 4  
   

 

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